The answer to the first one is b) and the second is d)
Hope this helps
<span>The Interstate Commerce Act was to monitor railroad
operations. During the 1870s a number of countries tested numerous programs
developed to regulate railroad rates and practices, and those subjects were
also repeatedly examined by the Congress. In 1886 the Supreme Court held, in
the Wabash Case, that state governments could not regulate federal shipments
within their borders. In response to that decision, Congress adopted the first
federal program for regulating private business which is the Interstate
Commerce Act. While, the Sherman Antitrust Act, it is an act passed by the U.S.
Congress in 1890 to battle monopoly and inappropriate restraints on
competition. It was also to break up bad trusts that were affecting the
economy. But, it was unsuccessful because there was no clear meaning as to what
a trust or bad trust was. So it was later replaced with the Clayton Antitrust
Act.</span>
Answer:
The term civilization refers to complex societies, but the specific definition is contested.
The advent of civilization depended on the ability of some agricultural settlements to consistently produce surplus food, which allowed some people to specialize in non-agricultural work, which in turn allowed for increased production, trade, population, and social stratification.
The first civilizations appeared in locations where the geography was favorable to intensive agriculture.
Governments and states emerged as rulers gained control over larger areas and more resources, often using writing and religion to maintain social hierarchies and consolidate power over larger areas and populations.
Writing allowed for the codification of laws, better methods of record-keeping, and the birth of literature, which fostered the spread of shared cultural practices among larger populations.
Explanation:
The local laws in the south were created on the basis of segregating African Americans. This caused them to be treated unfairly, and having to follow a set of laws, that were much more degrading compared to Caucasian Americans