Answer:
Correct answer is c. It is the final electron acceptor in the aerobic respiration.
Explanation:
Oxygen is a substrate of the aerobic respiration, but it is not the only one. Glucose is also a substrate.
Oxygen is used in the cells to be the final electron acceptor, this means that receives the electrons from NADH and FADH2. That is why, when there is no oxygen available for aerobic respiration, the NADH and FADH2 cannot be oxidized and therefore remain in their reduced form. As a consequence, they cannot be re-utilized during different cellular processes that are NAD+ and FAD dependant, such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and cellular respiration. This means that the ATP synthesis stops.
Oxygen itself does not transport any electrones, this are transported by the cytochrome complex in the mitochondrial membrane. But oxygen is key in receiving those electrones, therefore a very important piece of the electron transport across the mitochondria.
Answer:
Some studies have shown that the use of insulin is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, cancer and all-cause mortality in comparison with other glucose-lowering therapies.
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Despite minimal evidence of effectiveness, pancreatic enzyme supplementation is frequently used to relieve pain in people with chronic pancreatitis.
Comparing pancreatic enzyme supplementation to placebo, no improvement in discomfort was seen. The only trial that used enzymes without an enteric coating did indicate a decrease in pain score. In both analyses, there was a significant amount of study heterogeneity. A random model meta-analysis of three studies found no evidence of a difference between the periods of administering pancreatic enzyme supplementation versus placebo in the mean daily pain score (mean difference: 0.09 (1.57-1.39), p=0.91) or average weekly analgesic consumption (mean difference: 0.30 (2.37-1.77), p=0.77). Given their high cost and probable adverse effects, pancreatic enzyme supplements shouldn't be recommended only for treating abdominal pain in people with chronic pancreatitis.
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