Martin Luther created Protestantism (Lutheranism, to be specific), in order to criticize the church based on salvation. He was especially unhappy about "get out of purgatory free" as well as the religious order of what he called a corrupt, Catholic Church, and demanded reform, hence the name the Protestant Reformation.
Of course there was a Catholic Counter Reformation
The correct answer is problem solving. Problem solving is
known as a process by which is engage in order to find out the solution of a
problem. Wherein it could likely find solutions to complex issues or from
difficult ones.