Answer:
Hi Paul,
<u>1) I have just started(just/start)</u> working as a tour guide in Prague and I <u>2) am having (have)</u> a fantastic time! <u>3) have you ever been (you/ever/be)</u> to Prague? It's such an interesting place. Every day, I <u>4) show (show)</u> five groups of tourists around the city and, for the past two days, I <u>5) have been leading (lead)</u> a night tour, too. It's called the Prague Ghost Tour, but I <u>6) haven't seen (not/see)</u> a ghost yet! <u>7) Are you working (you/work) </u>at the moment? If not, Toby <u>8) is visiting (visit)</u> me next weekend. Why don't you come too? You <u>9) always say (always/say)</u> that you want to visit Prague. Toby <u>10) flies (fly)</u> from Gatwick Airport at 7 pm on Friday. There are still a few seats left on the flight, so let me know!
Chris
Explanation:
The text has different tenses:
- Present perfect simple: it is in the first, third, and sixth points.
We use present perfect to talk about activities in the recent past, like in the first and sixth case where the word "just" and "yet" indicates these recent past events or activities. We also use it to talk about experiences, like point three, where we ask Paul about Prague. The word ever indicates this tense use since we can only use it in interrogative and negative questions in the present perfect.
- Present continuous: point two is telling us what the person is feeling at the moment. In point seven, the present continuous tells us about an activity taking place in the present. In point eight, we use the present continuous tense since it talks about a plan in the future that has already been planed.
- Present simple: Is present in point four to talk about Paul's routine at work. In point nine, we use the present simple tense to talk about a habit, which in this case is something that he says regularly. Lastly, it is in point ten to indicate plans that have a date or time set.
- Present perfect continuous: is in point five, and we use it to talk about activities that started a short while ago and that are still happening. We do not use the present perfect simple tense because it would indicate that the activity started not in the recent past.
Answer:
Voluntary behaviors.
Explanation:
Operant conditioning can be defined as an associative learning process which involves reinforcing the strength of a behavior. Thus, the outcome depends on the response in operant conditioning.
A reinforcement of a desired behavior involves the process of strengthening a positive behavior being exhibited by an individual through the use of stimulus. Therefore, making the behavior to be exhibited in the future by the individual.
Basically, by reinforcing desired behaviors with rewards, parents, teachers and leaders can help people in building positive norms.
Hence, operant conditioning involves voluntary or desired behaviors.
Behavior modification is a therapeutic process that is focused on changing any undesirable negative behavior in an individual through the use of positive or negative consequence and biofeedback.
Behavior modification is typically based on operant conditioning principles, through negative or positive reinforcement, undesirable behaviors developed by an individual are mainly replaced with more desirable ones.
Behavior modification can also be used to correct human behaviors or disorders such as enuresis (bed-wetting), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), phobias, etc.
"Et al" would be the Latin phrase that is used with the primary author's name when a book has more than three authors, the reason why this Latin phrase is used is because this means "and others" that refers to the other authors that wrote the book.
