Copernicus<span> contributed the heliocentric model of the universe, </span>Brahe<span> contributed astronomical data, </span>Kepler<span> contributed elliptical orbits of planets, </span>Galileo<span> contributed his telescopic discoveries, and </span>Newton<span> contributed his laws of gravitation.
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American electoral politics has been dominated by two major political parties since shortly after the founding of the republic. Since the 1850s, they have been the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.