1.discovery of iron
2.the use of iron weapons
The Holy Roman Empire and the church were, as you might guess based on the name, quite connected entities in the beginning. The church was responsible for the crowning of Charlemagne, the first emperor who formed the actual Holy Roman Empire. However, in the centuries that followed, one of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire got into an argument with the pope of the time because of which important consequences ensued.
The evidence is that many of the townsfolk don't want him to actually properly defend Tom Robinson and in all fairness he did not believe he would actually win the case but it was important to try. He defended Tom to the best of his ability as he believes it is the right thing to do and that everyone has a right to a fair trial.
The purpose of making a pilgrimage to Mecca is to make Hajj, which is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. You pray at the site of the Ka'bah and Mecca is also the birthplace and deathplace of Muhammad. So the second option :)
