The Ruiz v. Estelle case was a class-action suit on behalf of inmates. It started in 1972 and it focused on issues regarding overcrow<span>ding in jails, abusive security practices, and inaccessibility of health care. The inmate </span><span>David Resendez Ruíz raised these issues regarding the prison system he experienced. He emphasized that these conditions were a violation of his constitutional rights. </span>
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The Supreme Court ruled that Africans Americans, enslaved or free, were not citizens of the United States and had no right to sue in federal courts.
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A spirit of reform marked the Progressive Era from around 1900 to 1917. It was in this spirit that muckrakers, who were influential journalists, worked to reveal injustices and oversights in American society.