Answer:
b) blastic red blood cell (RBC).
Explanation:
In excess of 340 blood group antigens have now been described that vary between individuals. Thus, any unit of blood that is nonautologous represents a significant dose of alloantigen. Most blood group antigens are proteins, which differ by a single amino acid between donors and recipients. Approximately 1 out of every 70 individuals are transfused each year (in the United States alone), which leads to antibody responses to red blood cell <u>(RBC) alloantigens</u> in some transfusion recipients. When alloantibodies are formed, in many cases, RBCs expressing the antigen in question can no longer be safely transfused. However, despite chronic transfusion, only 3% to 10% of recipients (in general) mount an alloantibody response. In some disease states, rates of alloimmunization are much higher (eg, sickle cell disease). For patients who become alloimmunized to multiple antigens, ongoing transfusion therapy becomes increasingly difficult or, in some cases, impossible. While alloantibodies are the ultimate immune effector of humoral alloimmunization, the cellular underpinnings of the immune system that lead to ultimate alloantibody production are complex, including antigen consumption, antigen processing, antigen presentation, T-cell biology.
Answer:
calcium channel close.
Explanation:
In action potential there is phase 0, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4. In phase 3 of action potential there is a rapid repolarization phase in which calcium channels remain closed but potassium channels remain open and continuous outward movement or leakage of positive ions causes the outside environment positive and membrane potential goes to negative charge that is -85mV to -90mV
Answer: Steam burns the skin worse than hot water because the heat of vaporization is released as well.
Explanation:
The steam exhibit more energy than water at the same temperature that is 100° C. The steam uses the latent heat of vaporization so as to get vapourize and water do not exhibit energy. This latent heat of energy causes severe burns due to steam as compared to water. Steam burns are caused by the heat of vapors and they form scalds.
Answer:
Thyroid nodules is a condition where lumps form in the thyroid gland.
Some symptoms may include difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, and sudden weight loss.
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