Explanation:
Orbitals = (Shell number)² = 3² = 9.
Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
Not all acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols to alkyl halides proceed through the formation of carbocations. Primary alcohols and methanol react to form alkyl halides under acidic conditions by an SN2 mechanism.
In these reactions the function of the acid is to produce a protonated alcohol. The halide ion then displaces a molecule of water (a good leaving group) from carbon; this produces an alkyl halide:
Again, acid is required. Although halide ions (particularly iodide and bromide ions) are strong nucleophiles, they are not strong enough to carry out substitution reactions with alcohols themselves. Direct displacement of the hydroxyl group does not occur because the leaving group would have to be a strongly basic hydroxide ion:
We can see now why the reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides are acid-promoted.
Carbocation rearrangements are extremely common in organic chemistry reactions are are defined as the movement of a carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state through the use of various structural reorganizational "shifts" within the molecule. Once the carbocation has shifted over to a different carbon, we can say that there is a structural isomer of the initial molecule. However, this phenomenon is not as simple as it sounds.
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Answer:
Explanation:
Edit the reaction by drawing all steps in the appropriate boxes and connecting them with reaction arrows. Add charges where needed. Electron flow arrows should start on the electron(s) of an atom or a bond and should end on an atom, bond, or location where a new bond should be created. Include all free radicals by right-clicking on an atom on the canvas and then using the Atom properties to select the monovalent radical.
When equal volumes of ethanol and water are mixed to form a solution, the entropy of the resulting solution increases. This is because ethanol and water are both polar substances, making them miscible. The solubility of both substances is high because they have similar attractions due to the presence of hydrogen bonding. This means that molecules of water and ethanol freely move with each other, therefore increasing the dispersal, randomness, and disorder (entropy) of the system.
Answer:
A Brønsted-Lowry acid.
A Brønsted-Lowry base.
Ammonia is an acceptor of proton.
Explanation:
A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any atom that can donate a proton (H +) to another atom or molecule whereas Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that can accept a proton from another atom or molecule or in other words, a Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor, while on the other hand, a Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor. The ammonia molecule accepts the hydrogen ion is considered as the Brønsted-Lowry base.
