Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from bacterial toxins and parasites, and by mechanical and ischemic stress. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair response is mounted that restores boundary integrity. Calcium has been identified as the key trigger to activate an effective membrane repair response that utilizes exocytosis and endocytosis to repair a membrane tear, or remove a membrane pore. We here review what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of membrane repair, with particular emphasis on the relevance of repair as it relates to disease pathologies. Collective evidence reveals membrane repair employs primitive yet robust molecular machinery, such as vesicle fusion and contractile rings, processes evolutionarily honed for simplicity and success. Yet to be fully understood is whether core membrane repair machinery exists in all cells, or whether evolutionary adaptation has resulted in multiple compensatory repair pathways that specialize in different tissues and cells within our body.
Answer:
<em>The </em><em>important</em><em> </em><em>of </em><em>vernalization</em><em> </em><em>it </em><em>includes</em><em> </em><em>early </em><em>flowering </em><em>there </em><em>by </em><em>shortening </em><em>the </em><em>vegetative </em><em>cycle </em><em>of </em><em>th</em><em>e</em><em> </em><em>plants </em><em>(</em><em>it </em><em>is </em><em>a </em><em>production </em><em>of </em><em>more </em><em>than </em><em>a </em><em>one </em><em>crop </em><em>in </em><em>one </em><em>year)</em><em> </em><em>the </em><em>winter </em><em>variety </em><em>crops </em><em>can </em><em>be </em><em>converted</em><em> </em><em>to </em><em>spring</em><em> </em><em>variety </em><em>(</em><em>it's </em><em>the </em><em>protection</em><em> </em><em>from </em><em>the </em><em>freezing</em><em> </em><em>of </em><em>injury)</em><em> </em><em> </em><em>it </em><em>helps </em><em>in </em><em>the </em><em>increasing </em><em>of </em><em>yield </em><em>of </em><em>the </em><em>plants.</em>
<em><u>Maybe </u></em><em><u>this </u></em><em><u>answer </u></em><em><u>might </u></em><em><u>help</u></em><em><u> u</u></em><em><u> out</u></em><em><u>.</u></em>
Distance = speed x time
Distance = 20 x 24
Distance = 480 miles
The clouds will have travelled 480 miles.
The clouds will still have 700 - 480 = 220 miles before they reach the city. The weather will be dry.
Answer:
B - Protons and Neutrons
Explanation:
This is because the electrons are in the electron cloud.
If not mistaken the answer should be, B, because when the body is dehydrated you get hot flashes which boosts you body temp and your bodily fluids decrease (thats why your mouth gets really dry) and your heart rate goes dangerously high. I hope that helps some, have a good day!!
