Homologues are chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding locations. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother, the other from the organism's father during sexual reproduction. The crossing over, or synapse, occurs during meiosis, which is the process of gamete formation.
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The temperature is kept at room temperature and mostly preferred to be constant, so that the temperature does't be a variable factor effecting the accuracy of experiment.
Temperature is kept constant to take it as a control factor, so that experimental results are not effected by such outside factors. Such control variables are important in experiments as they minimize the influences from outside.
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An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton like a crab and a centipede.
A.
Protozoa reproduce by internal fertilization, or asexual reproduction.
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A particular genotype does not necessarily guarantee a particular phenotype. Understanding what factors can change this expression is quite complex.. What is what i believe that above statement meant.
Explanation:
Error is the stochastic variation associated with a particular observation of the phenotype (and is managed by use of replication and and appropriate experimental design). The phenotype is the result not only of the average effect of the different alleles at a given locus across test units and across environments, but is impacted by the interaction between the different alleles and the environments (including genetic backgrounds) in which they are evaluated. Phenotype is not simply the sum of the genotype effect and the environment effect, as indicated in the mathematical formula that you provide.
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