Answer:
c - The United States has moved from a system of dual federalism to
one of cooperative federalism.
Explanation:
The US state system, over the course of more than 200 years of history, has changed under the influence of the need to solve purely practical problems, and, therefore, it basically remains unchanged. However, despite the fact that the constitutional basis of federal relations in the United States is based on the Constitution of 1787, the concept of "federalism" has acquired a qualitatively new content. Today we cannot talk about the American Federation, only characterizing the constitutional relationship between the two levels of government. It is necessary to consider them in conjunction with the financial and economic relations between the federation and its subjects. In fact, the formation of a nationwide market, the development of productive forces in the United States and the federal system led to a certain "coalescence" of the socio-economic functions of the state apparatus at its various levels, to their "vertical integration," especially in terms of the implementation of the internal regulatory functions of the state. It is no coincidence that in the past quarter century, American federalism is defined as economic one.
The development of American federalism occurred, while maintaining the general tendency toward centralism, unevenly; in the history of US federal relations, one can observe periods of both increasing and decreasing the real powers of the federal government.
Attempts by Nixon in 1979 to transfer to the states, in accordance with the policy of "new federalism," more authority in matters of creating, managing, and financing programs did not give the expected results. Reagan, in implementing the policy of the “new federalism,” canceled a number of programs, such as the Corps for youth employment and the creation of state jobs, the Commission for Regional Development, etc.
American federalism, having gone through all the difficulties and cataclysms in search of effective interaction, ways to legitimately relieve the naturally arising tension between the authorities at all levels, now appears in the form of "cooperative federalism," proceeding from the pragmatic principles of "usefulness and benefit" for a country, that excludes the irreconcilable "tug of war "in the struggle for power.
