Answer: depolarization; hyperpolarization
Explanation:
At resting potential (absence of stimulus), the cell membrane of a neuron is said to be polarized with a net negative charge within due to more potassium (K+) ions present than sodium (Na+) ions.
However, an impressed stimuli reverses the ions content as K+ ions flows out and quickly replaced by Na+ ions, resulting in a decrease in membrane potential and a more positive cell membrane. Thus, depolarization occurs.
An increase in the membrane potential (so that it becomes more negative) is called hyperpolarization.
O2 (oxygen) is a covalent compound
After the macrophage fails the Helper T Cell stimulates the B cells if pathogen is extracellular and Cytotoxic T Cells if the pathogen is intracellular. Once the pathogen is killed the B Cells create Memory B Cells and the Killer T Cells create memory T Cells.
Restriction enzymes are DNA cutting enzymes found within bacteria. They can cut the DNA molecule.
