Answer:
A frameshift changes every codon past it. A base substitution only changes one codon.
Explanation:
DNA is comprised of nucleotides (A, C, T, G) that make up amino acids. Every three bases is called a codon and represents an amino acid.
In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is either added or deleted from the sequence. This offsets the entire sequence after it because the reading frame shifts. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
If another T is added in between the first and second codons, then every codon after will be changed.
ACT>T<GCTATCGTCATC
A substitution mutation is usually less severe, as it only alters one codon in the sequence. These occur when one nucleotide is replaced by another one. Here's an example:
ACTGCTATCGTCATC
Let's say the first G is replaced by a T.
ACT>T<CTATCGTCATC
As you can see, none of the other codons changed.
Typically, a frameshift mutation is considered worse than a substitution mutation.
Epithelial cells are mainly used for protection; in the urinary tract, these tissue cells are used to protect the bladder from toxic urine. The tissue can also expand to hold larger quantities of urine.
I say D but if it’s wrong I’m so so sorry
Answer:
Speciation is an evolutionary process by which a new species comes into being. A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another to produce fertile offspring and is reproductively isolated from other organisms. Speciation can be driven by evolution, which is a process that results in the accumulation of many small genetic changes called mutations in a population over a long period of time. There are a number of different mechanisms that may drive speciation. One of these is natural selection, which is a process that increases the frequency of advantageous gene variants, called alleles, in a population. Natural selection can result in organisms that are more likely to survive and reproduce and may eventually lead to speciation. A second process called genetic drift describes random fluctuations in allele frequencies in populations, which can eventually cause a population of organisms to be genetically distinct from its original population and result in the formation of a new species.
Explanation:
Pharmacodynamics is what you think about when you consider how a medicine will affect the human body.
<h3>What can you say about pharmacodynamics?</h3>
The term "pharmacodynamics" describes the connection between drug concentration at the site of action and the effect that follows, including the progression and severity of therapeutic and unfavorable effects. The interaction of a drug with a receptor at the site of action determines the drug's impact.
<h3>What features of pharmacodynamics are there?</h3>
Pharmacodynamics: A General Overview Chemical Reactions Dose-Response Correlations Interactions between drugs and receptors
<h3>What is a pharmacodynamics example?</h3>
The simultaneous injection of an NSAID and phenprocoumon (an additive interaction) or aspirin and ibuprofen are examples of pharmacodynamic interactions (antagonistic interaction).
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