Physical exercise preserves bone mass. Measurements of bone biomarkers may reflect the events in bone during exercise. Fifteen healthy, well-trained individuals (7 men and 8 women) performed a running test for 21 min until exhaustion. Venous blood samples were drawn before and 30 min after the exercise to measure the levels of osteocalcin, the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) and the carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP). After exercise, the women had a marked increase in serum osteocalcin concentrations (from 7.5±5.0 μg/1 to 11.5±3.0 μg/1), whereas the level was unaffected in the men (from 14.5±3.0 μg/1 to 13.5±4.6 μg/l). In the men there was a marked increase in PICP (from 240±47 μg/1 to 268±56 μg/1) that was not seen in the women (from 244±70 μg/1 to 253±60 μg/1). In neither group did ICTP levels change. In conclusion, significant responses were seen in PICP and osteocalcin during exercise, indicating that such measurements may be valuable for the further delineation of the effects of physical activity on bone. Furthermore, the different responses in men and women point to interesting areas for future studies.
Habitat loss is contributing to the permanent loss of species, the weakening of ecosystems, and is impacting the overall health of the planet.
Example:
While tree-clearing is a significant cause of habitat loss in Australia, other major contributing factors include altered bushfire frequency and the introduction of pest species that make habitats unsafe for native species or outcompete them. Meanwhile, on the Great Barrier Reef, the impacts of human-induced climate change are altering the habitats of corals, leading to large-scale coral bleaching. Over time, destruction of such habitats leads to reduced biodiversity and weakening of the Earth’s ecosystem.
A marmoset is a member of the family of primates and are known to be one of the smallest monkey. They are measured to have a body length of 12 - 15 inches and has a mass of approximately 100 - 125 g. Comparing to monkeys, marmosets have distinct characteristics. Instead of having nails, they have claws, they tactile hair or a sensitive hair found on their wrists. They do not have wisdom teeth and the layout of their brain is primitive.
