The quality of being sage, wise, or able to make good decisions.
the answer is A. a day-by-day record of the research process
<span>A fierce shriek of the storm had been answered by a splitting crash over their heads</span>
The sentence in the excerpt that includes the writer's personal opinion is 3. It was unfortunate that Paine called for action.
The other sentences are just plain facts, there are no opinions there, because they are objective. But sentence #3 clearly states what the author thinks about Paine's actions.
Adverbial clause is an adverb which is a dependent clause. It's used as an adverb in a sentence to show the time, contrast, conditions, place, reason, concession, purpose or result.
Hope i helped!