Is this supposed to be a multiple choice question? It is way fun to think about projects other people might be up to which carry outrageously high risk!
Restaurants are a common example -- there's a little bit of magic in whether a new restaurant will catch on and become popular.
Farming is pretty risky. You can do everything right and have a hail storm come and ruin the crops. That's why there are government programs and commodity markets that help farmers mitigate their risk -- because the rest of us who need to eat really need for people to be willing to farm!
Answer:
d
Explanation:
A good has positive externality if the benefits to third parties not involved in production is greater than the cost. an example of an activity that generates positive externality is research and development. Due to the high cost of R & D, they are usually under-produced. Government can encourage the production of activities that generate positive externality by granting subsidies.
A good has negative externality if the costs to third parties not involved in production is greater than the benefits. an example of an activity that generates negative externality is pollution. Pollution can be generated at little or no cost, so they are usually overproduced. Government can discourage the production of activities that generate negative externality by taxation. Taxation increases the cost of production and therefore discourages overproduction. Tax levied on externality is known as Pigouvian tax.
Government can regulate the amount of externality produced by placing an upper limit on the amount of negative externality permissible
Coase theorem has been proposed as a solution to externality. According to this theory, when there are conflicting property rights, bargaining between parties involved can lead to an efficient outcome only if the bargaining cost is low
Another solution to negative externality is through the activities of charities. Charities can raise donations to limit or regulate the activities of firms that constitutes a negative externality.
Answer
Before I answer this question, you must note that the equilibrium price is created by both the amount supplied of a certain product as well as how much "customers" there are (or the amount that is bought in all). This however, is usually not taking account any potential competitors.
For example, let say that the price in creating the product (or buying) is $15. This means that right now, the company loses $15 for one of the products. To make a profit, the selling price must be >$15. However, (unless they are a monopoly, such as, for example, electrical companies) there are competitors that they must fight with to get customers. Of course, there are other things that can affect the price, depending on the demographic and area.
So how does supply and demand affect the equilibrium price? The limits of the supply & the amount of demand would help determine the price by the amount of people buying and the supply of the product.
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Kei·ret·su
kāˈretso͞o/
noun
(in Japan) a conglomeration of businesses linked together by cross-shareholdings to form a robust corporate structure.
