Answer: First line of defense, the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way and does not confer long-term or protective immunity. Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation and activation of the complement system cascade.
Explanation:
Innate immunity is a defense system that you were born with and that protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity consists of barriers that prevent harmful materials from entering the body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response. There are also <u>phagocytic cells</u> of the immune system which include: <u>macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells</u>. The membrane receptors of those cells allow it to act on the recognition of danger signals and they are of the type TLR and PRR. These are Antigen Presenting cells which process the pathogens and display their antigens on their surface and takes it to B lymphocytes for the production of antibodies, which is part of the adaptive immune system.
<u>This means that the cells of the innate recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic and fast way</u> and, unlike the adaptive immune response, <u>does not confer long-term or protective immunity to the host.</u>
So, the main functions of the innate immune response include:
- Recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection and inflammation, through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators, called cytokines.
- Activation of the complement system cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and promote clearance of dead cells or antibody complexes.
- The identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph, by leukocytes.
- The activation of the adaptive immune response through a process known as antigen presentation.
- Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. It is stimulated by the release of chemical factors and serves to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and to promote the recovery of some damaged tissue following clearance from pathogens. Chemical factors produced during inflammation (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, leukotrienes) sensitize pain receptors, cause vasodilation of blood vessels at the scene, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils.
Answer:
como el cafe inicialmente se encuentra a una temperatura alta las moléculas se mueven a gran velocidad al tener contacto térmico con las moléculas del agua las moléculas del va transferir energía térmica perdiendo calor lo q hara q la temperatura de café baje
Answer:
The correct flow is - the body (a)<u> Venules/vein/vena cava</u> (b) <u>Right atrium</u> tricuspid valve (c) <u>Right ventricle</u> (d)<u> Pulmonary artery, </u>capillary bed of the lungs(alveoli)
Explanation:
Deoxygenated blood is moved from the tissues to the venules, veins or vena cava to the right atrium chamber and move through the tricuspid valve present in between both right chambers right atrium and right ventricle.
From the right ventricle, the deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery that takes the blood to the lungs more specifically to the capillary bed of lungs.
Thus, the flow is - the body (a)<u> Venules/vein/vena cava</u> (b) <u>Right atrium</u> tricuspid valve (c) <u>Right ventricle</u> (d)<u> Pulmonary artery, </u>capillary bed of the lungs(alveoli)
Answer:
1. DNA and RNA I'm pretty sure
<h2>DNA </h2>
Explanation:
1) Experiment done by Griffith:
- Griffith used two related strains of bacteria, known as R and S
- R bacteria were nonvirulent, meaning that they did not cause sickness when injected into a mouse whereas mice injected with live S bacteria developed pneumonia and died
- Griffith tried injecting mice with heat-killed S bacteria (that is, S bacteria that had been heated to high temperatures, causing the cells to die), the heat-killed S bacteria did not cause disease in mice
- When harmless R bacteria were combined with harmless heat-killed S bacteria and injected into a mouse, not only did the mouse developed disease and died, but when Griffith took a blood sample from the dead mouse, he found that it contained living S bacteria
- Griffith concluded that the R-strain bacteria must have taken up what he called a transforming principle from the heat-killed S bacteria, which allowed them to transform into smooth-coated bacteria and become virulent
2) Experiment done by Avery:
- Avery, McCarty and MacLeod set out to identify Griffith's transforming principle
- They began with large cultures of heat-killed S cells and, through a long series of biochemical steps progressively purified the transforming principle by washing away, separating out, or enzymatically destroying the other cellular components
- These results all pointed to DNA as the likely transforming principle but Avery was cautious in interpreting his results
- He realized that it was still possible that some contaminating substance present in small amounts, not DNA, was the actual transforming principle
3) Experiment done by Hershey and Chase:
- Hershey and Chase studied bacteriophage, or viruses that attack bacteria
- The phages they used were simple particles composed of protein and DNA, with the outer structures made of protein and the inner core consisting of DNA
- Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA, not protein, was injected into host cells and made up the genetic material of the phage
