A strong central government led by a family of kings was a political factor that distinguished Egypt from other civilizations of the fertile crescent.
In the land of Egypt's Nile Valley, ancient Egypt was a civilization that flourished during the prehistoric period of Northeast Africa. According to traditional Egyptian chronology, the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes in 3100 BC marked the beginning of ancient Egyptian civilization, which came after prehistoric Egypt.
The Old Kingdom, which ruled during the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom, which ruled during the Middle Bronze Age, and the New Kingdom, which ruled during the Late Bronze Age, were stable kingdoms that were interspersed with intervals of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods.
In the New Kingdom, when Egypt ruled most of Nubia, it was at the height of its power. Thereafter, it began a steady decline.
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