<u>Exposure through ingestion, Exposure through inhalation, Exposure through skin contact</u> are some ways scientists think the nanoparticles might cause inflammation when they reach the brain.
After ingestion, nanoparticles encounter a series of barriers and tight junctions. If the size is reduced, nanoparticles can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain.
In terms of accidental inhalation, the nanoparticles that pose a high risk have dimensions < 0.5 µm, can cross the thin epithelium and reach the blood capillaries. Furthermore they can be absorbed through the olfactory epithelium and reach the brain.
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