Answer:
31. 1) Vertical shift up 4 units.
2) Horizontal shift right 1 unit.
3) Vertically stretched by a factor of 3.
32. 
Step-by-step explanation:
Some transformations for a function f(x) are shown below:
- If
, the function is shifted up "k" units.
- If
, the function is shifted down "k" units.
- If
, the function is shifted left "k" units.
- If
, the function is shifted right "k" units.
- If
, the function is reflected over the x-axis.
- If
and
, the function is stretched vertically by a factor of "b".
31. Given the function
and the function
, we can notice that the transformations from the graph of f(x) to the graph of g(x) are:
1) 
2) 
3)
, being 
Therefore, we can conclude that the transformations necessary to transform the graph of f(x) to the graph g(x) are:
1) Vertical shift up 4 units.
2) Horizontal shift right 1 unit.
3) Vertical stretch by a factor of 3.
32. Knowing the parent function:
And given the transformations:
1) Reflection over the x-axis.
2) Horizontal shift left 3 units.
3) Vertical shift up 7 units.
We can define that the function g(x) is:
