Answer:
b. all three pathogens are obligate anaerobes.
Explanation:
Tetanus is caused by an <u>exotoxin</u> produced by the bacterium <em>Clostridium tetani</em>, which is normally f<u>ound in the soil</u>, although it may be present in the intestines of mammals. It is an <u>anoxic and spore-forming bacteria</u>. It enters the body through wounds or deep punctures, finding in the wound the anoxic conditions to germinate its spores, producing its potent toxin.
Anthrax is caused by the bacterium <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>, which is a stationary and <u>endospore-forming </u>bacteria that is resistant to high temperatures and chemicals. It is a <u>strictly aerobic</u> bacterium and can be <u>found naturally in the soil</u>. Both animals and humans can breathe or ingest spores of this bacterium by consuming meat or contaminated water. When spores get into the body, their turn into active cells and <u>produce exotoxins</u>
Botulism is caused by the pathogen <em>Clostridium botulinum</em>, a s<u>trict anaerobic</u> bacillus, producing <u>endospores and 8 different types of toxins</u>. Being a <u>soil-borne bacterium</u>, it usually appears in the food of animal and vegetable origin.
When a single cell undergoes many mitotic divisions in the nucleus, producing many daughter cells, it has conducted B) Multiple fission.
Multiple Fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the parental body divides into many daughter cells simultaneously during the unfavorable conditions to increase the chances of survival of daughter cells.In this, the reproductive unit is whole parental body.
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The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to Na⁺ ion.
The depolarization is caused when Na⁺ ions rapidly enters into neuron through open sodium channels. Sodium ions plays important role in various physiological process such as regulating blood volume, ph regulation, maintaining blood pressure, energy metabolism,osmotic equilibrium, excitation-contraction coupling, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, development and growth.
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Answer:
The hypothesis that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic association of prokaryotes—endosymbiosis—is particularly well supported by studies of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are thought to have evolved from bacteria living in large cells.
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The answer: Chemical energy