The Crusades were military expeditions supported by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages to conquer for Holy Land, which was in the hands of the Seleucid Turks.
The first crusade responded to a call by Pope Urban II in 1095 AD to recover the Holy Land, recently lost by the Byzantine Empire after the Seleucid Turks invasion. Kings and knights from all over Europe organized to participate.
Between 1096 AD and 1291 AD 8 crusades were held. Most of them were intended to recover Holy Land for Christianity, but there was one against the Moores in Spanish territories, and another one focused on fighting the Cathars heretic movement.
You can learn more about the Crusades in the link below:
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