Answer:
thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
Explanation:
The complete question is as follows:
Under physiological conditions, peptide bond formation and degradation both require enzymes, but only formation requires coupling to GTP hydrolysis. Based on this information, peptide bonds under physiological conditions are:
A. both thermodynamically and kinetically stable.
B.thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
C.thermodynamically stable but kinetically unstable.
D. both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable.
- The term thermodynamically unstable refers to the fact that the peptide bonds are prone to breakage under physiological conditions.
- The reason why one can conclude the thermodynamic instability of the peptide bonds under physiological condition is that there is a need for a source of energy i.e. GTP hydrolysis for the formation of the peptide bond.
- The fact that the breakage of peptide does not require any input of energy but the only formation does confirms the fact that under physiological conditions they are thermodynamically unstable.
- Even though they are thermodynamically unstable, they are kinetically stable because both the formation and degradation require enzymes.
- The function of enzymes is to decrease the activation energy and hence, increase the rate of reaction. This means that if the enzymes are absent the rate of breakage of peptide bonds would be really slow this points out to the fact that they are kinetically stable under physiological conditions.
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Answer:
The correct answer will be option B- cytosol.
Explanation:
Glycolysis is a series of reactions which breaks down the glucose (6C molecule) to pyruvates (3C molecule).
The reaction is the first stage of the aerobic respiration which proceeds in ten steps. The reactions take place in the "cytoplasm of the cell" of all organisms from micro-organisms to plant and animals.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Answer:
c. tinnitus
Explanation:
Tinnitus (a hearing impairment) is a form of hearing of sound when no external sound is present Which is often described as a Ringing,Tinnitus may also sound like a clicking or roaring. i.e usually unclear voices or music are heard. The sound may be soft or loud, low or high pitched, and appear to be coming from one or both ears. Ranging from one person to another, the sound may causes depression or anxiety and can interfere with concentration.
Otitis externa is a condition that causes inflammation , the inflammation also covers (redness and swelling) of the external ear canal, i.e the tube between the outer ear and eardrum.
Meniere's disease popularly called (MD), is a disorder of the inner ear that is characterized by episodes of feeling like the world is spinning (vertigo), hearing loss, and a fullness in the ear. The cause of MD involves both genetic and environmental factors. Some of the factors include constrictions in blood vessels, viral infections, and autoimmune reactions.
Otosclerosis is a condition where one or more foci of irregularly laid spongy bone replace part of normally dense enchondral layer of bony otic capsule in the bony labyrinth. This condition affects one of the ossicles (the stapes) resulting in hearing loss, vertigo or a combination of symptoms.
Therefore from the foregoing we can conclude that Tinnitus is the correct anwser.
