The Avignon papacy refers to the period from 1309 to 1376. This period was marked by the successive popes taking residence at Avignon, France, rather than in Rome, primarily because of the turbulence in Rome caused by the conflict between his predecessor and king Philip of France. A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French and under the influence of the French crown.
This greatly affected the state of the papacy. The papacy felt it necessary to prove themselves politically and economically. To this end, it was required for the papacy to pull off political schemes. This also led them to start selling off their service of repenting. A vast reorganization and centralization of administrative offices and reform measures for the clergy were affected. The Sacred College of Cardinals began to gain a stronger role in the government.
After the re-establishment of the papal capital in Rome in 1377, cardinals of the Sacred College selected a second pope, who assumed the vacant Avignon seat. This denoted the onset of the Great Schism. The Schism did not heal until 1417 and a succession of such antipopes was selected.
The church was divided into two popes. The second one was of French cardinal origin. Pope Clement VII and Pope Urban VI were reorganized by French and England respectively. The church was united by utilizing two approaches. One was through the mutual cession of both the popes and the other was through the securing of the resignation of the other pope. Later, however, it was reunited by an agreement.
The council in Besel fixed the agreement with the Emperor and the Hittites.
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