Answer:
A. Molecular changes such as extracellular signals on extracellular ligands can result in quick changes in cell behaviour. One example is insulin. Upon insulin binding on the receptor on the cell membrane, the cell release GLUT4 transporters (for muscle cells) to increase uptake of glucose.
B. Slow changes in cell behaviour can be observed for other lipophilic hormones or intracellular receptors such as glucocoortoid or estrogen which reacts with receptors in the cells.
C. Insulin is required to maintain a constant blood glucose level and hence levels of insulin has to be mediated in correspondence to the blood glucose levels. Fast acting signalling is thus required for homeostasis of blood glucose levels. Where for such lipophilic hormones such as steriods, glucocortoid, these hormones tend to have a longer lasting effect and hence results in a slow change.
Answer:
a There is probably life on Mars.
Explanation:
A scientific theory is basically an opinion that has not been proved or disproved yet.
All of the other options are true science-backed facts.
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Answer:
Adverse heart conditions do not occur in isolation. It is usually accompanied by other risk factors, like coronary artery dysfunction, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc.
In addition to the above, the following factors are indicative of left-sided heart failure:
- Shortness of breath caused by the collection of fluid in the lungs. Shortness of breath usually becomes pronounced upon physical exertion
- An increase in the girth of the torso (mainly the abdomen) due to ascites which is the buildup of fluid in the abdomen.
- engorged scrotum (in males of course)
Explanation:
Left-Sided Heart Failure is simply the inability of the heart to pump oxygen-rich blood into the body.
Blood filled with oxygen is moved from the lungs to the atrium on the left and then to the left ventricle. The blood is then pumped from the ventricle on the left to other parts of the body by a contracting and relaxing action. Left-sided heart failure can be classified into two:
- Systolic Failure and
- Diastolic Failure
1. Systolic Dysfunction: When the left ventricle can no longer shrink properly, the pressure with which the heart can pump enough blood into circulation is reduced.
2. Diastolic Dysfunction: This occurs when the left ventricle can no longer relax as it ought to due to the hardening of the muscle.
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