Question

membrane proteins can move molecules against their concentration gradient by: a) using the energy of atp hydrolysis b) coupling to the concentration gradient of another molecule

Answer 1

Membrane proteins can move molecules against their concentration gradient by linking to another molecule's concentration gradient and utilising the energy of ATP hydrolysis.

There are two types of active transport mechanism in cell. In one also called as primary active transport, ATP molecule is used to transport molecules across the membrane against an electrochemical gradient. In the second type also called secondary active transport or co-transport it does not require chemical source of energy like ATP instead uses the gradient created by active transport as energy source to transport molecule across the membrane.

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