Answer:
Bridgham et al. (2006) showed that the interaction between a steroid hormone (aldosterone-M) and its receptor (mineralocorticoid) evolved by Darwinian gradualism. In this work, the authors demonstrated a primitive affinity between the hormone and its receptor that was initially present in chemically similar but more ancient ligands. This result has implications in understanding the association between gene duplication and the evolution of hormone signaling pathways. For example, in invertebrates, this work reinforces the importance of gene duplication in the existing interaction between paralogous glucocorticoid receptors and their receptor mineralocorticoid genes that were derived from duplication (Thornton 2001).
The publications above cited are the following:
J.T. Bridgham, S.M. Carroll, and J.W. Thornton (2006). Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation. Science, 312(5770), 97-101.
JW Thornton. Evolution of vertebrate steroid receptors from an ancestral estrogen receptor by ligand exploitation and serial genome expansions, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (PNAS), 2001, vol. 98 10 (pg. 5671-5676).
Answer:
1. mutation and genetic recombination
Answer:
“Geoneutrinos,” neutrinos that stream naturally from the Earth’s interior, are giving scientists the best direct evidence of what’s at work in the belly of the planet. Released by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes inside the Earth, geoneutrinos carry information about what makes the Earth’s insides hot; what elements make up the core of our planet and in what concentration and distribution; how the Earth’s mantle and tectonic plates move and interact; and how planets like our own form and evolve.
heterotrophs energy comes from the sun
Answer:
The part of a riverbend that will experience the most erosion is the inside corner, this is because the water will be hitting it on two sides, the erosion will likely curve the inside corner more.