Early modern Protestantism in the Caribbean was distinct from the Catholic Church in the Spanish, Portuguese, and French empires because of its exclusivity. Long debated are the contrasts between Catholic and Protestant slave societies. Famously contrasting the slave systems in Britain and Latin America in 1946, Frank Tannenbaum said that the disparities between them resulted from different legal and moral traditions in early modern Spain and England.
He maintained that the Spanish could capitalise on a well-established slave culture that originated in Latin America through the Justinian code and was heavily influenced by Catholicism.
The Iberian tradition defined a slave as having a "moral personality" and bestowed certain rights and privileges upon them, such as the right to be a member of a Christian community and join in the sacraments, such as marriage and baptism. The passage from slavery to freedom was well defined and largely comprehensible, and manumission was more frequent.
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