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2 years ago

What are the different types of threats to External Validity?

1 answer:

6 0

The ability to generalize a study's results to different circumstances is known as external validity that suffers from 7 types of threats.

<h3>What are the threats to External Validity?</h3>

There are 7 major threats to external validity.

The first threat is sampling bias, in which a sample is not representative of the population.

The second threat is history, where an unrelated incident can affect the results.

The third threat is observer bias, in which the traits or actions of the experimenter unintentionally affect the results, resulting in bias and other demand features.

The fourth threat is the Hawthorne effect, which describes the propensity for individuals to alter their behaviour merely because they are aware that they are being observed.

The fifth threat is the Testing Effect, in which the results are impacted by whether a test is administered before or after another.

The sixth threat is the aptitude-treatment, which involves the interaction of individual and group factors to affect the dependent variable.

The environment, time of day, location, researcher traits, and other variables that restrict the generalizability of the results are included in the seventh threat.

To learn more about external validity, refer:

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What is the probability that a randomly chosen u. S. President is left-handed and a democrat?.

sashaice [31]

Using conditional probability, it is found that there is a 0.052 = 5.2% probability that a randomly chosen U. S. President is left-handed and a democrat.

<h3>What is Conditional Probability?</h3>

Conditional probability is the probability of one event happening, considering a previous event. The formula is:

$P(B|A) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(A)}$

In which

P(B|A) is the probability of event B happening, given that A happened.

$P(A \cap B)$ is the probability of both A and B happening.

P(A) is the probability of A happening.

In this problem, the events are:

Event A: President is left-handed.

Event B: President is a democrat.

Researching the problem on the internet, it is found that:

40% of the presidents were left-handed, hence P(A) = 0.4.

If a president is left-handed, there is a 13% chance that the president is a Democrat, hence P(B|A) = 0.13.

Then:

$P(B|A) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(A)}$

$0.13 = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{0.4}$

$P(A \cap B) = 0.13(0.4)$

$P(A \cap B) = 0.052$

0.052 = 5.2% probability that a randomly chosen U. S. President is left-handed and a democrat.

You can learn more about conditional probability at brainly.com/question/15536019

5 0

2 years ago

HEY I NEED HELP FAST

iragen [17]

The answer is A

hope this helps

7 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

After finishing a sprint tawanda experiences painful cramps

ddd [48]

Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of; Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

<h3>What are the causes of Cramps?</h3>

The potential causes of cramp could be because of dehydration, low levels of certain minerals (magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, although the evidence has been mixed), and reduced blood flow through muscles attendant in prolonged sitting or lying down.

Now, in this Tawanda's case, we see that it is more like a pain to her calf muscles and as such we can say that the cause is from a deficit of ATP because muscle relaxation is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent active process, actin and myosin chains do not disengage, causing an electrically silent cramp.

Thus, from the above we can conclude that her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of; Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Complete question is;

After Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of?

Read more about Causes of Cramps at; brainly.com/question/1952660

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4 0

2 years ago

Determine the value of y.

Lera25 [3.4K]

The answer should be c)4.8

8 0

3 years ago

Carlene is saving her money to buy a $500 desk. She deposits $400 into an account with an annual interest rate of 6% compounded

notka56 [123]

The time that Carlene would have to wait to buy the desk is 4 years.

<h3>How long would it take before Carlene can afford to buy the desk?</h3>

When an amount of money is compounded, it means that both the amount that was invested and the interest accrued earn interest.

The formula that can be used to determine the time is

N = log(FV / PV) / log(e) / interest rate

log(500 / 400) / log(e) / 0.06 = 3.71 years = 4 years

To learn more about how to determine time, please check: brainly.com/question/25760893

4 0

2 years ago