The capsule is made up of polysaccharides and surrounds the cell wall, helping in escaping phagocytosis by preventing the access of granulocytes to the underlying cell wall.
The bacteria is spread by aerosol from the nasopharynx of carriers. The pneumococcus can spread from the nasopharynx to several different tissues. In children, the bacteria most commonly causes otitis media.
Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause blood infections and meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain). Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are treated with antibiotics. Streptococcus pneumoniae has been shown to activate phagocytic cells and then be destroyed through different mechanisms involving TLRs, subsequently inducing B cells to produce cytokines.
Streptococcus pneumoniae are lancet-shaped, gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria with more than 100 known serotypes. Most S. pneumoniae serotypes can cause disease, but only a minority of serotypes produce the majority of pneumococcal infections.
Vaccines can help to prevent invasive S. pneumoniae infections. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13-valent (PCV-13) is recommended for all children starting at two months up to 59 months of age. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23-valent (PPSV-23) is used in high-risk individuals two years of age or older.
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