Answer:
A: Frozen taiga
Explanation:
Russia is the largest country in the world, and its land has several different characteristics. One of them though dominates by far, and that is the taiga, which is occupying more area than all of the other biomes in the country combined.
The taiga is stretching across all of the country from west to east, while the rest of the biomes are north and south of it. The land is covered with dense coniferous forests, representing the largest continuous forest in the whole world.
The taiga is not the most pleasant place for living though. The majority of the year is winter, and the temperatures are extremely cold, and in some parts of it they are as low as in Antarctica. There is lot of snowfall, usually several meters deep. The short summers are mild and very humid. Everything defrosts so big portion of the taiga is becoming marshy.
Explanation:
Abstract
Most planetary systems are formed within stellar clusters, and these environments can shape their properties. This paper considers scattering encounters between solar systems and passing cluster members, and calculates the corresponding interaction cross-sections. The target solar systems are generally assumed to have four giant planets, with a variety of starting states, including circular orbits with the semimajor axes of our planets, a more compact configuration, an ultracompact state with multiple mean motion resonances, and systems with massive planets. We then consider the effects of varying the cluster velocity dispersion, the relative importance of binaries versus single stars, different stellar host masses, and finite starting eccentricities of the planetary orbits. For each state of the initial system, we perform an ensemble of numerical scattering experiments and determine the cross-sections for eccentricity increase, inclination angle increase, planet ejection, and capture. This paper reports results from over 2 million individual scattering simulations. Using supporting analytic considerations, and fitting functions to the numerical results, we find a universal formula that gives the cross-sections as a function of stellar host mass, cluster velocity dispersion, starting planetary orbital radius, and final eccentricity. The resulting cross-sections can be used in a wide variety of applications. As one example, we revisit constraints on the birth aggregate of our Solar system due to dynamical scattering and find N ≲ 104 (consistent with previous estimates).
Answer:
Human activites have and can affect the size of floods by what human activites can do to the enviroment.
Activities such as
1 - logging
2 - building houses
3 - farming remove plants that cover the ground. Without ground cover, soils erode more easily, which can cause flooding.
They use it to date rocks that are old and find the age. its not always accurate but close enough
