As the demand for slaves grew, the Portuguese began to enter the interior of Africa to forcibly take captives; as other Europeans became involved in the slave trade, generally they remained on the coast and purchased captives from Africans who had transported them from the interior.
1. The Arabs have been known for many high-quality and valued products, which also include spices, but among the most valuable trade goods were cotton textiles.
The answer is: A.
2. Muslim architecture and entire heritage include the remains and influences of older civilizations such as Roman and Byzantine. Namely, after the emergence and expansion of Islam, by forming caliphates, Muslim scientists and scholars carefully collected and preserved all knowledge in the field of science, art, architecture and other fields, creating invaluable libraries of previous knowledge. Thus in those countries where the Romans and Byzantines once ruled, all those influences and knowledge were collected and incorporated into Islamic architecture and culture in general.
The answer is: C.
Thomas Hobbes believed that people were inherently suspicious of one another and in competition with one another. This led him to propose that government should have supreme authority over people in order to maintain security and a stable society.
John Locke argued that people were born as blank slates, open to learning all things by experience. Ultimately this meant Locke viewed human beings in a mostly positive way, and so his approach to government was to keep the people empowered to establish and regulate their own governments for the sake of building good societies.
Further explanation:
Both English philosophers believed there is a "social contract" -- that governments are formed by the will of the people. But their theories on why people want to live under governments were very different.
Thomas Hobbes published his political theory in <em>Leviathan</em> in 1651, following the chaos and destruction of the English Civil War. He saw human beings as naturally suspicious of one another, in competition with each other, and evil toward one another as a result. Forming a government meant giving up personal liberty, but gaining security against what would otherwise be a situation of every person at war with every other person.
John Locke published his <em>Two Treatises on Civil Government</em> in 1690, following the mostly peaceful transition of government power that was the Glorious Revolution in England. Locke believed people are born as blank slates--with no preexisting knowledge or moral leanings. Experience then guides them to the knowledge and the best form of life, and they choose to form governments to make life and society better.
In teaching the difference between Hobbes and Locke, I've often put it this way. If society were playground basketball, Hobbes believed you must have a referee who sets and enforces rules, or else the players will eventually get into heated arguments and bloody fights with one another, because people get nasty in competition that way. Locke believed you could have an enjoyable game of playground basketball without a referee, but a referee makes the game better because then any disputes that come up between players have a fair way of being resolved. Of course, Hobbes and Locke never actually wrote about basketball -- a game not invented until 1891 in America by James Naismith. But it's just an illustration I've used to try to show the difference of ideas between Hobbes and Locke. :-)
A corduroy road<span> or </span>log road<span> is a type of </span>road made by placing logs<span>, perpendicular to the direction of the </span>road<span> over a low or swampy area. The result is an improvement over impassable mud or dirt </span>roads<span>, yet rough in the best of conditions and a hazard to horses due to shifting loose </span>logs<span>.</span>
