Answer:
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Explanation:
The outgroup is the most distant taxonomic group that shares no traits or characters with the lineages of interest, which compose the ingroup. You can compare the outgroup with the ingroup to determine the evolutive relationship and which characters are primitive or derived.
Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.
To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.
In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.
From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Answer:
In bryophytes, the sporophyte is minute and dependent on the relatively prominent and nutritionally independent gametophyte for resources. The moss gametophyte looks like a miniature herb, with tiny leaf-like photosynthetic organs. The gametophyte generation begins as a dormant spore, which germinates under appropriate conditions to produce filamentous and branching protonemal tissues. These form multicellular bud-like structures, each of which develops into a leafy shoot. The mature gametophytes produce male and female sexual organs, the antheridia and archegonia, respectively. The gametophyte is often sexually distinct, and plants are either male or female.
Each antheridium has an outer layer that encloses and protects thousands of motile sperm, which swim through available external water layer to the egg. Fertilization at the base of the cylindrical archegonium produces a diploid zygote which develops into an unbranched sporophyte. The sporophyte consists of a thin stalk attached to the gametophyte, and a capsule that encloses the sporophytic meiotic cells.
In recent years, the mosses Physcomitrella patens and Funaria hygrometrica have emerged as attractive model systems for studying gene function in non-vascular plants because of the relative ease of molecular manipulation by homologous recombination. Mutants affecting gametophyte development have been isolated and their analysis should provide insights into the molecular basis of gametophyte development in mosses.
Explanation:
The assortment of genes is determined by metaphase 1 and 2 because thisnis where the chromosomes line up and where they will be sent (and separated) is determined now.
The equation is glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water and energy is produced in the form of ATP.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process in which glucose combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water with energy stored as ATP.
Glucose + Oxygen gas → Carbon dioxide + Water + energy in ATP
ATP is Adenosine TriPhosphate.
In the body, during cellular respiration, oxygen gas is inhaled and carried to sites in the body where food in form of glucose obtained from plant is broken down.
When food is broken down aerobically i.e in the presence of oxygen gas, carbon dioxide and water is produced and energy is stored in form of ATP.
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The deeper down you get, the colder the water is
