<span>Ions are another name for charged atoms. Some elements are electropositive, and some are electronegative. Electropositive elements such as metals like to give up electrons, thus taking on a positive charge. Electronegative elements such as chlorine attract electrons, so they become negative. When electropositive and electronegative atoms meet and exchange ions, they take on opposite charges. Because positive and negative charges attract, these charged atoms become attracted to one another. This attraction forms an ionic bond that keeps the ions together.</span>
^^ and if the parent has a defect or disease or whatever the offspring are less likely to have it
None: Only those mutations that occur in the germ line and result in gametes will have a chance of being passed on to progeny. An alteration in DNA that occurs after conception.
Somatic mutations can occur in any of the body's cells except germ cells (sperm and egg) and are therefore not passed on to children. These alterations can (but not always) cause cancer or other diseases. Mutations in somatic cells are called somatic mutations. Because they do not occur in the cells that give rise to gametes, the mutation is not transmitted to the next generation sexually. Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs and 2 sex chromosomes that may or may not form a pair. This is the 2n or diploid condition. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes, each of 23 unique chromosomes, one of which is a sex chromosome. Somatic cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and eggs (called germ cells). In humans, somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. Mutations in a somatic cell occur in somatic cells and are transmitted by mitosis, resulting in cancer. However, mutations in a gamete are passed on by meiosis, resulting in mutated offspring. A genetic mutation occurs during DNA replication, and chromosomal mutations occur during meiosis.
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Organ level of organization/Organ
