A functional MRI (fMRI) and/or a PET scan
They both measure the functioning and activity of the brain
That depends on what you mean by ripples at the beginning of time. If you are referring to inflation of the universe caused by the Big Bang, and the subsequent "ripples", then those ripples are the leftover, background radiation from the event. If you are referring to ripples in space-time, then it still could have multiple meanings.
1/40 percentage of their progeny will have xyz/xyz genotype
The young that are born of living creatures, whether by a single organism or, in the event of sexual reproduction, by two organisms, are referred to as offspring or progeny in biology. A brood or progeny is a more broad term for a group of offspring. This can apply to a group of children that are born at the same time, as the chicks that hatch from a single clutch of eggs, or to all of the offspring, like the honeybee. The term "genotype" broadly refers to an organism's genetic make-up, or, to put it another way, the entire collection of its genes. The phrase can also be used more specifically to describe to a gene's alleles, or variant versions, that an organism carries.
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