It would be good to know the context of your question. When you say "based on the passage," perhaps you could attach a screen shot of the passage you're looking at.
Nevertheless, even without such context, I would lean toward saying the answer is that "the Soviet government would do whatever it could to stay in power." I'm guessing you're talking about events as the Soviet Union was nearing its dissolution and Boris Yeltsin was leading Russia in a move to declare its own sovereignty separate from the USSR. The Soviet leadership did not give in to that movement willingly.
Answer: Likely the traditional clergy. The enlightenment was generally VERY OPPOSED to the "way things used to be"
A) the national govt. included no president or executive branch.
The main cause is poverty and lack of education. They're very poor, so they can't afford school. If the children do go to school, they drop out very young to work and help earn money for the family. That's not the kind of cycle people can break out of easily.
Add to that the civil war from 1960 to 1996 where the military persecuted the native people, killing up to 200,000, and they've had a pretty rough time of it.
