John Hay created this idea in hopes that America and countries all over Europe could trade peacefully with China. This concept was developed in order to protect America's trade interests while also ensuring that no other country would establish a monopoly on trade with China. Within this policy, all countries would agree not to interfere with another country's trade with China.
In Russia, efforts to build communism began after Tsar Nicholas II lost his power during the February Revolution, and ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
