The Crusades were military expeditions organized by western European Christians to keep in check the spread of Islam and recapture former Christian territories that now were Muslim. The Crusades began in 1095 and lasted for almost 200 years.
To some historians, even when these religious wars presented gruesome results, they ultimately were a factor in European civilization development as the growth of the system of indulgences and the reinforced link between Western Christendom, feudalism, and militarism, led to the Protestant Reformation.
Your answer would be Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
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He combined vertical and horizontal integration.
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In the political system of pre-Revolutionary France, the nobility made up the Second Estate of the Estates General (with the Catholic clergy comprising the First Estate and the bourgeoisie and peasants in the Third Estate). Although membership in the noble class was mainly inherited, it was not a fully closed order.
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The 14th Amendment made it to where anyone born in America would be an American citizen and would be afforded all of the rights outlined in the constitution regardless of their race, religion or sexual orientation. The 14 amendment opened to door to more movements and groups coming forward seeking to have their rights protected by the law
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