Answer:
The kingdom of Songhai, also spelled Songhay, West Africa's great trade state, focused on what is now central Mali on the middle reaches of the Niger River and gradually spreading west to the Atlantic coast and east to Niger and Nigeria.
While the Songhai people are said to have settled in the city of Gao about 800 CE, during the reign of the dia Kossoi, a Songhai convert to Islam, they did not consider it as their capital until the beginning of the 11th century. During the next 300 years, Gao prospered and expanded so much that the rulers of Mali added it to their kingdom from 1325 to 1375.
IN their last spring offensive of 1918, also known as <em>Kaiserschlacht </em>(Kaiser's Battle) or <em>Ludendorf f Offensive, </em>the German Imperial Army poured all its resources, including troops recently freed from the Eastern Front as a result of the Russian capitulation, and came close to achieve its goal of taking Paris in order to force the Western Allies to negotiate advantageous peace terms to Germany before the United States flooded the battlefields with men, equipment and supplies.
On March 21, 1918. the Germans launched four simultaneous offensives along the western Front: Operations <em>Michael, Georgette, Blücher-York</em> and <em>Gneisenau.</em> Their goal was to run over the Allied troops through the extensive use of assault troops leading the attack of the regular troops. Assault troops (<em>Stosstruppen</em> in German) developed special tactics using small numbers of troops in order to infiltrate through the enemy lines, open corridors through the barbed wire and selectively eliminate machine gun nests and snipers. allowing the bulk of the regular troops to easily assault and take the enemy's first lines of defense.
Operation Blücher-York came as close to Paris as the Marne Offensive of 1914, but a worsening lack of supplies and heavy casualties sustained by the Germans prevented them from achieving their main goal of crushing the enemy forces in order to force the Allied powers to negotiate peace in spite of a relatively large gain of territory. By July 18, the Spring Offensive was ordered to an end by the German High Command, and the arrival of a great number of fresh U.S. troops the next month decisively turned the tide of the war on the Allied side.
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Koshiyama, 74, of San Jose, is one of 315 Japanese Americans who challenged the loss of their established rights in World War II by declining to battle for their nation until the point that the administration liberated them and their families from wartime internment camps.
The camps, viewed as a fundamental piece of the Japanese American experience, have since quite a while ago evoked pictures of unprotesting internees - surrendered, alarmed and severe however agreeable. However, the draft resisters, alongside other people who communicated their complaints in various ways, reflect accounts of challenge and obstruction in the camps - stories that were the beginning of profound splits that still partition Japanese Americans today.
