B, the North which had industrialized while the South remained agrarian
The segregation began in 1948 after the National Party came to power. The nationalist political party instituted policies of white supremacy, which empowered white South Africans who descended from both Dutch and British settlers in South Africa while further disenfranchising black Africans.
The system was rooted in the country’s history of colonization and slavery. White settlers had historically viewed black South Africans as a natural resource to be used to turn the country from a rural society to an industrialized one. Starting in the 17th century, Dutch settlers relied on slaves to build up South Africa. Around the time that slavery was abolished in the country in 1863, gold and diamonds were discovered in South Africa.
Many white women in South Africa learned how to use firearms for self-protection in the event of racial unrest in 1961, when South Africa became a republic.
Many white women in South Africa learned how to use firearms for self-protection in the event of racial unrest in 1961, when South Africa became a republic.
Dennis Lee Royle/AP Photo
That discovery represented a lucrative opportunity for white-owned mining companies that employed—and exploited—black workers. Those companies all but enslaved black miners while enjoying massive wealth from the diamonds and gold they mined. Like Dutch slave holders, they relied on intimidation and discrimination to rule over their black workers.
The mining companies borrowed a tactic that earlier slaveholders and British settlers had used to control black workers: pass laws. As early as the 18th century, these laws had required members of the black majority, and other people of color, to carry identification papers at all times and restricted their movement in certain areas. They were also used to control black settlement, forcing black people to reside in places where their labor would benefit white settlers.
A “natives” colored white society. Though apartheid was supposedly designed to allow different races to develop on their own, it forced black South Africans into poverty and hopelessness. “Grand” apartheid laws focused on keeping black people in their own designated “homelands.” And “petty” apartheid laws focused on daily life restricted almost every facet of black life in South Africa.
Children from the townships of Langa and Windermere scavenging close to Cape Town, in February 1955.
Children from the townships of Langa and Windermere scavenging close to Cape Town, in February 1955.
Bela Zola/Mirrorpix/Getty Images
Pass laws and apartheid policies prohibited black people from entering urban areas without immediately finding a job. It was illegal for a black person not to carry a passbook. Black people could not marry white people. They could not set up businesses in white areas. Everywhere from hospitals to beaches was segregated. Education was restricted. And throughout the 1950s, the NP passed law after law regulating the movement and lives of black people.
Though they were disempowered, black South Africans protested their treatment within apartheid. In the 1950s, the African National Congress, the country’s oldest black political party, initiated a mass mobilization against the racists laws, called the Defiance Campaign. Black workers boycotted white businesses, went on strike, and staged non-violent protests.
A crowd at a Johannesburg protest meeting which defied a ban on such gatherings, circa 1952.
A crowd at a Johannesburg protest meeting which defied a ban on such gatherings, circa 1952.
Popperfoto/Getty Images
These acts of defiance were met with police and state brutality. Protesters were beaten and tried en masse in unfair legal proceedings. But though the campaigns took a toll on black protesters, they didn’t generate enough international pressure on the South African government to inspire reforms.
In 1960, South African police killed 69 peaceful protesters in Sharpeville, sparking nationwide dissent and a wave of strikes. A subgroup of protesters who were tired of what they saw as ineffective nonviolent protests began to embrace armed resistance instead. Among them was Nelson Mandela, who helped organize a paramilitary subgroup of the ANC in 1960. He was arrested for treason in 1961, and was sentenced to life in prison for charges of sabotage in 1964.
30,000 protestors march from Langa into Cape Town in South Africa, to demand the release of prisoners in 1960. The prisoners were arrested for protesting against the segregationist pass laws.
30,000 protestors march from Langa into Cape Town in South Africa, to demand the release of prisoners in 1960. The prisoners were arrested for protesting against the segregationist pass.
Answer:
i did mine on ray baker so here ya go
Explanation:
Ray Stannard Baker was one of the most important journalists of the Gilded Age. He was an American writer, popular essayist, literary crusader for the League of Nations, and authorized biographer of Woodrow Wilson. Baker became associated with the muckraker scene when he began writing articles for McClure’s Magazine in the early 1900s. Muckrakers were writers who exposed the political and economic corruption in big businesses and government through accurate journalistic accounts.
Baker began his newspaper career as a reporter for the Chicago News-Record in 1892 after graduating from the University of Michigan. During his six years at the paper, Baker covered the Pullman strike and the 1893 march of a group of jobless men known as Coxey's Army on Washington. Both events helped push Baker toward an even stronger belief in social reform. Establishing the American Magazine with the company of other investigative journalists, such as Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, pushed him to further his career and develop an even stronger belief in social reform. In 1908, Baker produced a series of five articles on the plight of the African Americans. “In this pioneering work in the study of race relations in the United States, Baker dealt with issues such as political leadership, Jim Crow laws, lynching and poverty.,” as stated in spartacus-educational.com These articles were eventually turned into the book, Following the Color Line (1908). As a supporter of Woodrow Wilson, Baker was chosen to write Wilson's biography, which was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1940. At Wilson’s request, Baker served as head of the American Press Bureau at the Paris peace conference (1919), where the two were in close and constant association, according to britannica.com. Baker spent fifteen years on the biography; the first two volumes of "Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters" appeared in 1927, and six additional volumes were published during the next twelve years. As far as his family life went, he married Jessie Irene Beal in 1896 and had 4 children together.
Sources:
https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x351sv
https://spartacus-educational.com/JbakerR.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Stannard-Baker
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/wilson-ray-stannard-baker/
The first role is the Head Of state
This role enables the president to create the government and choose the secretaries who run various departments found in the United States, for example, the State department or the Department of Defense or anything similar. The president chooses who these people would be and the congress approves of this.
The second is the Chief Diplomat
This role means that the president is in charge of negotiating treaties and deals with other countries, whether it be trade deals or peace talks or similar things. When a president makes a treaty or a deal, the congress chooses whether to ratify it after which it becomes a legitimate treaty that is supported by the US.
The third is the Chief Executive
This role makes the president the chief of the executive branch. This means that the president is ideally in charge of things like the police or the various other executive agencies. He can also sign executive orders which are like laws that are quickly implemented and they go through the supreme court's examination for constitutionality.
The fourth is the Commander in Chief
This means that the president is also the highest ranking military officer of the entire army, including navy, airforce, and all similar types of armies. The president participates with generals in making policies or plans and gets reports from battlefields and similar things and basically controls all things related to the military.
The fifth is the Chief Legislator
The president and his cabinet make laws that are then either adopted by the congress or are disposed. The president also has a huge role in influencing the fate of laws that are made by non-president parties such as various groups since usually the support of the president for a law means that there is a higher chance that it will get passed.
