Lyophilization Methods of microbial control do not rely on protein denaturation and/or disruption of cell membrane integrity
Lyophilization Freeze-drying or freeze-drying is the process of freezing the product and placing it under vacuum, then removing the water from the product, allowing the ice cream to go directly from solid to vapor without going through a liquid phase. Freeze-drying is a water removal process commonly used to preserve perishable materials, extend shelf life, or make materials easier to transport. Freeze-drying is to sublime the frozen water in the material by lowering the pressure and applying heat after freezing the material. Lyophilization converts pharmaceuticals into stable solids by removing water from liquids
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Answer:
b. False
Explanation:
These components are not sufficient to successfully perform a PCR reaction. Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) are missing so that the PCR reaction can occur perfectly.
The PCR technique allows a specific fragment of the DNA molecule to be amplified thousands of times in just a few hours. This technique revolutionized research in molecular biology because it had taken a long time for DNA amplification. From PCR it is possible to obtain enough copies of a part of DNA to detect and analyze the sequence that is the target of the study.
For a PCR reaction to be performed a solution with some components must be prepared. These components are:
- Magnesium chloride buffer (to optimize reaction and act as a cofactor for polymerase)
- Forward and reverse primers (to customize the start of the enzyme reaction)
- DNA polymerase (Enzyme required for replication of desired DNA region.)
- DNA Template (the DNA to be copied)
- PCR-grade water
- Deoxynucleoside triphosphates: dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP (act as bricks in the construction of DNA molecules).
Natural selection provides the outline of an explanatory theory." Biologists consider it to be a scientific fact that evolution has occurred in that modern organisms differ from past forms, and evolution is still occurring with discernible differences between organisms and their descendants.
Answer:
In biology, a molecular clock can be described as a method to determine the time for the divergence of species which occurred by the process of evolution.
Explanation:
The mutation rates of different molecules are used in this method. The mutation rates for DNA sequences and amino acid sequences are usually considered. The molecular clock can be used to compare and estimate the splitting of a lineage. For example, by this method, one can interpret when the chimpanzees and humans diverged from each other.
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