Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
True, Ascomycetes form the largest phylum in the Fungi kingdom, with over 64,000 species. Hope this helped
Answer:
They are all types of invertebrates
Explanation:
<span>Periderm is a term used to refer as the multilayered system of tissues, which is usually made of cork or phellem. When plant's girth is increased due to its secondary growth, they replace epidermal tissues with periderm. Periderm constitutes phellem or cork cells whose walls are thick with a waxy substance called the suberin which protects the surface of the cells and waterproofs them. This secondary covering are formed on small woody plants from the phellogen, a meristematic cell layer which is responsible for the periderm's development.
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