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Probably molecular biology. Scientists have been able to look at organisms and compare them visually for rather a long time, but only recently have we been able to sequence genomes and compare organisms at the molecular level.
Answer:
Red blood cells are adapted to their function by:
1) They contain haemoglobin - a red protein that combines with oxygen. they have no nucleus so they can contain more haemoglobin.
2) They are small and flexible so that they can fit through narrow blood vessels.
3) They have a biconcave shape (flattened disc shape) to maximise their surface area for oxygen absorption.
Hope this helps! :D