<span>Mass defect is the difference between predicted and actual experimentally determined mass. The predicted mass of a sample is found by adding the mass of the neutrons and protons (to be accurate, electrons as well) within that sample, and we know what the individual masses of these particles are so multiplication isn't a problem. This mass is usually higher than what is measured experimentally because some of this mass turns to binding energy with the relationship e is roughly equal to m(c)^2.
If you are asking how we possibly add the masses of all those atoms of the Helium and Hydrogen we experiment with, we do it using the formula (number of atoms * number of protons per atom) + (number of atoms * number of neutrons per atom) + (number of atoms * number of electrons per atom). The number of atoms is found using the total mass of the sample alongside some experimental data.</span><span>
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Purpose:Extraction and successful PCR amplification of DNA from humanremains in historical and forensic cases have great importance. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficiency of a method of DNA extraction and PCR amplification of embalmed dried human cadaveric skeletal fragments and teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: The efficiency of a method of DNA extraction and PCR amplification was tested on thirteen (13) embalmed dried human cadaveric skeletal fragments and nine (9) teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria were used in the study.
Results: Of the 13 embalmed dried human cadaveric skeletal fragments, 12 (92.3%) samples amplified with apparent bands. For the 9 embalmed dried human teeth specimens, 7 (78%) samples amplified with apparent bands.
<span>Conclusion: The study has shown that our method of DNA extraction and PCR amplification was efficient on embalmed dried human cadaveric skeletal fragments and teeth specimens, from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria.</span>
If Transcribing the DNA codon it would have to become MRNA.
D)Ethically conducted science seeks to inform rather than influence policy
