Cnidarians have one body opening. There is no mouth or anus. Instead, food particles are drawn into the body by movement of water. Inside the body cavity are specialized cells called amoebocytes and collar cells that help digestand remove wastes. Cnidarians with the opening at the top have body plans called polyps, such as corals. Those with the opening underneath have a medusa body form, such as jellyfish.
I think it was the creation of natural rights and the Declaration of Independence. These ideas were ignited during the Age of Enlightenment, wherein people learn to reason and rationalize the things and situation around them. They were able to hone the idea of democracy as well as improved the idea of government, which pave way to creation of constitutions and city-states
Hi there. Actually, there is no image provided so I can’t solve this question.
Electron transport chain (ETC) refers to a series of complexes involved in the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors through the reduction and oxidation reactions.
The similarities between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
1. Both involve the electron transport chains on their inner membranes.
2. The energy produced pumps the protons against their concentration gradient across a membrane.
3. ATP synthase is used.
4. Two protons provide energy for the production of three molecules of ATP.
The differences between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
Mitochondria- It uses the process of oxidative phosphorylation and chemical energy from the reduction-oxidation reactions. The electron transport chain occurs in the cristae. The coenzymes involved include the NAD and FAD. ATP synthase is located in the cristae. The protons are pumped out of the matrix. The final electron acceptor is the oxygen.
Chloroplast- It uses the process of photophosphorylation and the light energy. The electron transport chain occurs in the thylakoid membrane. The coenzyme involved is the NADP. ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane. The protons are pumped into the thylakoids. The final electron acceptor is the chlorophyll in cyclic photophosphorylation and NADPH+ in the non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
