I would say immigration only.
emigration would theoretically reduce the genetic variation as unique individuals leave, but immigration would bring unique traits into circulation in an ecosystem.
I'm not super great at biogy tho so this might not be right... :)
The reproductive system in both males and females are controlled and regulated by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands with hormones from the reproductive organs. How do these hormones affect the development of male and female reproductive systems
A mutation in a plant that could cause negative outcomes could be the plant has less leaves, or isn't hardy enough, like other plants. It would die. A plant from an area like Chernobyl, that has been affected by radiation could poison other animals, or pass that gene along, and ultimately kill that strand of plant.
Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
The correct option is D.
Sexual form of reproduction leads to increased genetic diversity as a result of the two different reproductive cells that are coming together and the biological assortment that occur during the process of cell division. Increased genetic diversity enhance variations among living organisms and increased their potentials to survive in their environments.
