Romanticism was the 19th century artistic and intellectual movement which influenced nationalism in Europe. The artists tried to create a cultural unity which became the foundation of nationalism in Europe.
Romanticism emerged as a reaction to Enlightenment philosophy as it emphasized on emotions, freedom and individual imagination and opposed scientific rationalization and glorification of science.
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The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoat column. A confrontation on the Lexington town green started off the fighting, and soon the British were hastily retreating under intense fire. Many more battles followed, and in 1783 the colonists formally won their independence.
Starting in 1764, Great Britain enacted a series of measures aimed at raising revenue from its 13 American colonies. Many of those measures, including the Sugar Act, Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, generated fierce resentment among the colonists, who protested against “taxation without representation.” Boston, the site of the 1770 Boston Massacre and the 1773 Boston Tea Party, was one of the main points of resistance. King George III of Britain ramped up the military presence there, and in June 1774 he shut down the city’s harbor until colonists paid for tea dumped overboard the previous year. Soon after, the British Parliament declared that Massachusetts was in open rebellion.
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The Native Americans supported the war effort by working in war industries and joined the military in large numbers. More than 25,000 of them actively served in the United States military during the war.
During the Second World War the Marine Corps used the language of the Navajo Indians to transmit coded messages on the battlefield. Especially during the Battle of Iwo Jima, hundreds of messages were transcribed with the Navajo code, without any error, for endless hours.
