The Constitution provides broad parameters for the judicial nomination process. It gives the responsibility for nominating federal judges and justices to the president. It also requires nominations to be confirmed by the Senate. First, look at the numbers.
More than 600 judges sit on district courts, almost 200 judges sit on courts of appeals, and 9 justices make up the Supreme Court. Because all federal judges have life terms, no single president will make all of these appointments.
But many vacancies do occur during a president's term of office. Appointing judges, then, could be a full-time job. A president relies on many sources to recommend appropriate nominees for judicial posts.
Recommendations often come from the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, members of Congress, sitting judges and justices, and the American Bar Association. Some judicial hopefuls even nominate themselves.
A special, very powerful tradition for recommending district judges is called senatorial courtesy. According to this practice, the senators from the state in which the vacancy occurs actually make the decision. A senator of the same political party as the President sends a nomination to the president, who almost always follows the recommendation. To ignore it would be a great affront to the senator, as well as an invitation for conflict between the president and the Senate.
Selection Criteria
Experience — Most nominees have had substantial judicial or governmental experience, either on the state or federal level. Many have law degrees or some other form of higher education.
Political ideology — Presidents usually appoint judges who seem to have a similar political ideology to their own. In other words, a president with a liberal ideology will usually appoint liberals to the courts. Likewise, conservative presidents tend to appoint conservatives.
Party and personal loyalties — A remarkably high percentage of a resident's appointees belong to the president's political party. Although political favoritism is less common today than it was a few decades ago, presidents still appoint friends and loyal supporters to federal judgeships.
Ethnicity and gender — Until relatively recently, almost all federal judges were white males. Today, however, ethnicity and gender are important criteria for appointing judges. In 1967, Lyndon Johnson appointed the first African American Supreme Court justice, Thurgood Marshall. In 1981, Ronald Reagan appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O'Connor. All recent presidents have appointed African Americans, Latinos, members of other ethnic minority groups, and women to district courts and courts of appeal.
Because federal judges and Supreme Court justices serve for life, a president's nomination decisions are in many ways his or her most important legacy. Many of these appointments will serve long after a president's term of office ends. Whether or not the results are a "combination of Justinian, Jesus Christ, and John Marshall," these choices can have an impact on generations to come.
In CitizenKane, Charles Foster Kane first met Susan Alexander when she was having a medical problem. It was a toothache.
When Susan and Kane first cross paths, Kane has been covered in mud from a passing car and Susan is suffering from a toothache. The social, age and socioeconomic gaps between the two that could have prevented their relationship in the past have been lessened by circumstances.
Despite Susan not knowing who he is, Kane likes that she enjoys his company. Kane explains to Susan that he was en route to a Manhattan storage facility to check over the belongings his mother left behind when she passed away before he ran into her.
One of the two movies that completely changed deep-focus cinematography was Citizen Kane. Even though we're in the middle of a close-up of the group speaking inside, you can see the youngster playing outside.
The correct answer is Plessy Vs. Ferguson. In the landmark case Plessy vs. Ferguson, it was ruled that segregation of facilities was constitutional as long as those facilities were equal in quality. This is were the term "Separate but Equal" comes from. However, during the case Brown vs. The Board of Education it was ruled that racial segregation violated the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution. It was this ruling that rendered the ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson invalid because the ruling was unconstitutional.
The government attempted to end the Great Depression by creating several different programs to give people work. One of the most notable programs was the creation of TVA, which gave thousands of people jobs.
