Answer:
Answer: D . Their rulers claimed power by virtue of protecting Dar al-Islam from European invasion
Explanation:
There is no map attached however, based on a related question, I have reason to believe that the dynasties being described are the Mughal and Ottoman empires.
These empires were both chiefly Muslims and they claimed rulership over vast areas of land and insisted that they were doing so to spread the words of the Prophet Muhammad and to protect the lands of Islam from takeover by the Europeans and other religions.
what is the formula of gravity ?
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<h3> GRAVITY</h3>
Newton's law of universal gravitation

F = FORCE
G=GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT
M1 = MASS OF OBJECT 1
M2=MASS OF OBJECT 2
R = DISTANCE BETWEEN CENTERS OF THE MASSES
From the web.
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The answer is D, the last one